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Blood (Pink/Red/Brown) in the urine
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Severe pain in the back or groin
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Nausea / Vomiting
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Fever and chills if an infection is present
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Frequent or painful urination
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Foul-smelling urine
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Urinating small amount of urine
General Diagnostic Methods
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Blood Test, Urinalysis, Stone analysis
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Adbominal X-ray [Kidney, Ureter, Bladder]
→ (if needed) Intravenus pyelogram (IVP)
→ Retrograde pyelogram
→ Ultrasound Exam (preferred test for pregnant women)
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Initial CT scan (low-dose non-contrast) → (if needed) contrast-enhanced CT scan
Diagnostic of Renal Stone
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Ultrasonography (USG)
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Safe (no radiation), reproducible and inexpensive
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Stones in the ureter?
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Twinkling sign (artifact)
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Increase in the sensitivity and specificity?
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KUB
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Sensitivity 44-77%, specificity 80-87%
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Should not be performed if NCCT is considered
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→ radiolucent vs radiopaque
→ pelvic phlebolith!!